Natwoe wagapad

Polimer alam lain adalah polisakarida, selulosa dan lignin yang merupakan bahan dari kayu.

Perbedaan utama dari polimer alam dan polimer sintetik adalah, mudah tidaknya sebuah polimer didegradasi atau dirombak oleh mikroba. Polimer sintetik sulit diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme.

Sifat-sifat polimer sintetik sangat ditentukan oleh struktur polimernya seperti; panjangnya rantai; gaya antar molekul; percabangan; dan ikatan silang antar rantai polimer.

Pertambahan panjang rantai utama polimer diikuti dengan meningkatnya gaya antar molekul monomer. Hal ini yang menyebabkan meningkatnya kekuatan dan titik leleh sebuah polimer.  Polimer yang memiliki banyak cabang, kekuatannya menurun dan hal ini juga menyebabkan titik lelehnya semakin rendah.

Beberapa polimer memiliki ikatan silang antar rantai, hal ini akan membuat polimer yang bersifat kaku dan membentuk bahan yang keras. Makin banyak ikatan. silang makin kaku polimer yang dihasilkan dan polimer akan semakin mudah patah.

Jenis polimer yang memiliki ikatan silang ini merupakan plastik termoseting. Jenis plastik ini hanya dapat dipanaskan satu kali yaitu hanya pada saat pembuatannya. Jika plastik ini pecah atau rusak tidak dapat disambung kembali. Pemanasan selanjutnya menyebabkan rusaknya atau terbongkarnya ikatan silang antar rantai polimer, sehingga susunan molekul polimer berubah atau rusak.

Plastik jenis yang lain memiliki sifat sebagai termoplastik, yaitu plastik yang dapat dipanaskan secara berulang-ulang. Sifat ini disebabkan karena tidak adanya ikatan silang antar rantai polimernya. Jika polimer ini rusak atau pecah, kita dapat menyambungnya kembali dengan cara dipanaskan, contoh polimer termoplastik adalah polietilen.

Sumber: www.chem-is-try.org

Thursday, November 4, 2010, Cangkringan residents preparing to evacuate. Mount Merapi, which never stopped out hot clouds forced all residents in the area of 20 km to evacuate. At that time, there are still some families in Cangkringan that have not been displaced. Family Mr Mahmudin one of them. It was at 22.00, Mr Mahmudin and the second daughter of Sir Mahmudin , Fira, and their families gathered on the porch with some neighbors while enjoying tea. Meanwhile, the wife of Mr. Mahmudin being euthanize their third child. Ardian, Mr Mahmudin first child, was in his room located on the 2nd floor.

Ardian playing guitar in his room while SMS with a friend. Ardian is a 5th semester student at Public Universities of Yogyakarta. Her friends told him that the volcano Merapi back out hot clouds, but he did not think of as home to the mountain range is still about 16 km. The plan they would evacuate in the morning at 00.00. Ardian out of the room to take his family to evacuate immediately. However, when out of the room, he saw a fire burning outside the room followed by a fairly dense ash. He tries to go down despite having to hit the heat of the fire. He headed his mother's room, but his mother and brother had not been there. He hid behind the bed to protect himselves. However, only lasted 2 minutes, he came out and got a bottle of water, then he wet hisface to breathe. He returned to the room to take the phone to ask for help. But no signal on the phone.

He heard a voice call from her mother's room. Then He headed his mother's room. Her aunt is calling, he picked up the phone and ask for help. After that he headed the family room to wait for help. Approximately at 01.00, he saw a flashlight pointing at him, he was screaming. Then He brought out. On the terrace house, he found the father, mother, and 2 brother lying lifeless. Sar Team then took him into the car, In the car he sit with other residents who are still alive. He assumed a boy, but he could not recognize him because his face was broken. The child has difficulty breathing. He tried to suppress his chest so he could breathe. Sarjito trip to hospital stays of 10 minutes, Ardian started to relax, however, the child in her lap could not survive. After arriving at the hospital, Ardian directly handled by physicians. He was unconscious at the time, had a lot of dust which he inhaled. He is now just lonely. His family had left the world forever. Ardian house was burning hot clouds had fallen. He did not think her mother's words a few days ago a reality. His mother said, "You do not sleep it continues Ardian, men have to work hard, how if father and mother died?" The words were always in the minds of Ardian. But somehow he had to continue living. Now he is always working hard and start living life the spirit even if only by myself.

Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disaster. Unfortunately, it often happens in several regions. Recently a terrible earthquake has shaken Padang, West Sumatra. It has brought great damages. Why did it happens?

Earthquake are usually caused when plates underground breaks along a faults. This sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust causes the seismic waves. It make the ground shake. They shake a little when two blocks of plates are rubbing against each other. They don’t just slide smoothly. The plates are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the plates break because of all the pressure that’s built up. When the plates break, the earthquake happens.

The earthquake continues during the time and afterward, the blocks of plates start moving, and they continue to move. The spot underground where the plates breaks is called the center of the earthquake. For many years earthquakes have occurred. That is why there are earthquake proof buildings. To help prevent a roof from collapsing you can make your roof out of light-weight materials. Outdoor walls can be made with stronger and more reinforced materials such as steel or reinforced concrete. During an earthquake flexible windows may help that can hold the windows together so they don’t break.

Note:

The purpose of this explanation text is giving detail explanation on how earthquake happens.

The above explanation text is mostly written in Simple Present Tense.

The Generic Structure is as follow:

1. General Statement; from the 1^st paragraph it is what we call of “general statement” of the discussion about an earthquake happening.

2. Sequenced Explanation; 2^nd and 3^rd paragraph describe how an earthquake happens.

Answer
A. Change to passive voice
1. This test shouldn't be done if they study diligently.
2. The English remedial test is being joined once again.
3. Has the new blog address been written by Dira correctly?
4. Wasn't a direct question asked clearly to Mr. T before the test?
5. Will they be being waited for tomorrow evening?
6. They have ever been told how to behave.
7. a. The truth about the next project isn't told to you.
b. You aren't told the truth about the next project.
8. a. He was asked many questions during the interrogation by the police.
b. Many questions during the interrogation were asked to him by the police.

B. Change to active.
1. The students must close all note books immediately.
2. Are they going to watch the television all day?
3. He shouldn't fool us if we believed in you.
4. The teacher told Gilang to cut his long hair.
5. The students don't easily do the remedial test.

Malin Kundang


A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother. Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.

An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.
In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.
(Re-written from www.st.rim.or.jp










Narrative Analysis on Generic Structure

Many believe that a story can teach a society certain moral value. Most stories are build in narrative. Because it is a narrative story, it must consists of complication. That complication, in fact, is the moral value which like to be taught.
Orientation; the first paragraph is set to be the story introduction. Reading the orientation, reader will know that the story is characterized with Malin Kundang and his mother. West Sumatra is set as the place.
A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother. Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.

Complication; this is the main element of narrative story. From the Malin Kundang myth, we know that there are more than one complication. Many stories are composed with multi complications. They are minor complication and major complication. When Malin Kundang and her mother did life hard, it can be the minor complication. this hard life in the first time was solved by his successful trading as new merchant. However this narrative sotry is more interesting when we see the major complication among the participants- Malin Kundang denied his mother after being successful merchant. In every story, complication must be ended; happy ending or sad one.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.

An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.

Resolution; this is the end of the story, the sad ending one. Malin Kundang faces his curse of turning into a stone.

In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.

Moral value :
- We must love our family especially our mother.
- Don’t be cruel with our mother.
- We will be nothing without mother’s love.

FUTSAL


1. PENGERTIAN FUTSAL

Futsal adalah permainan bola yang dimainkan oleh dua regu, yang masing-masing beranggotakan lima orang. Tujuannya adalah memasukkan bola ke gawang lawan, dengan memanipulasi bola dengan kaki. Selain lima pemain utama, setiap regu juga diizinkan memiliki pemain cadangan. Tidak seperti permainan sepak bola dalam ruangan lainnya, lapangan futsal dibatasi garis, bukan net atau papan.
Futsal turut juga dikenali dengan berbagai nama lain. Istilah "futsal" adalah istilah internasionalnya, berasal dari kata Spanyol atau Portugis, football dan sala.

2. SEJARAH

Futsal diciptakan di Montevideo, Uruguay pada tahun 1930, oleh Juan Carlos Ceriani. Keunikan futsal mendapat perhatian di seluruh Amerika Selatan, terutamanya di Brasil. Ketrampilan yang dikembangkan dalam permainan ini dapat dilihat dalam gaya terkenal dunia yang diperlihatkan pemain-pemain Brasil di luar ruangan, pada lapangan berukuran biasa.

Pele, bintang terkenal Brasil, contohnya, mengembangkan bakatnya di futsal. Sementara Brasil terus menjadi pusat futsal dunia, permainan ini sekarang dimainkan di bawah perlindungan Fédération Internationale de Football Association di seluruh dunia, dari Eropa hingga Amerika Tengah dan Amerika Utara serta Afrika, Asia, dan Oseania.

Pertandingan internasional pertama diadakan pada tahun 1965, Paraguay menjuarai Piala Amerika Selatan pertama. Enam perebutan Piala Amerika Selatan berikutnya diselenggarakan hingga tahun 1979, dan semua gelaran juara disapu habis Brasil. Brasil meneruskan dominasinya dengan meraih Piala Pan Amerika pertama tahun 1980 dan memenangkannya lagi pada perebutan berikutnya tahun pd 1984.

Kejuaraan Dunia Futsal pertama diadakan atas bantuan FIFUSA (sebelum anggota-anggotanya bergabung dengan FIFA pada tahun 1989) di Sao Paulo, Brasil, tahun 1982, berakhir dengan Brasil di posisi pertama. Brasil mengulangi kemenangannya di Kejuaraan Dunia kedua tahun 1985 di Spanyol, tetapi menderita kekalahan dari Paraguay dalam Kejuaraan Dunia ketiga tahun 1988 di Australia.

Pertandingan futsal internasional pertama diadakan di AS pada Desember 1985, di Universitas Negeri Sonoma di Rohnert Park, California. Futsal The Rule of The Game.





3. PERATURAN

Lapangan permainan
1. Ukuran : panjang 25-42 m x lebar 15-25 m
2. Garis batas : garis selebar 8 cm, yakni garis sentuh di sisi, garis gawang di ujung-ujung, dan garis melintang tengah lapangan; 3 m lingkaran tengah; tak ada tembok penghalang atau papan
3. Daerah penalty : busur berukuran 6 m dari setiap pos
4. Garis penalty : 6 m dari titik tengah garis gawang
5. Garis penalti kedua : 12 m dari titik tengah garis gawang
6. Zona pergantian : daerah 6 m (3 m pada setiap sisi garis tengah lapangan) pada sisi tribun dari pelemparan
7. Gawang : tinggi 2 m x lebar 3 m
8. Permukaan daerah pelemparan : halus, rata, dan tak abrasif

Bola
1. Ukuran : #4
2. Keliling : 62-64 cm
3. Berat : 390-430 gram
4. Lambungan : 55-65 cm pada pantulan pertama
5. Bahan : kulit atau bahan yang cocok lainnya (yaitu, tak berbahaya)

Jumlah pemain
1. Jumlah pemain maksimal untuk memulai pertandingan: 5, salah satunya penjaga gawang
2. Jumlah pemain minimal untuk mengakhiri pertandingan: 2
3. Jumlah pemain cadangan maksimal: 7
4. Batas jumlah pergantian pemain: tak terbatas
5. Metode pergantian: "pergantian melayang" (semua pemain kecuali penjaga gawang boleh memasuki dan meninggalkan lapangan kapan saja; pergantian penjaga gawang hanya dapat dilakukan jika bola tak sedang dimainkan dan dengan persetujuan wasit).

Perlengkapan pemain:
Kaos bernomor, celana pendek, kaus kaki, pelindung lutut, dan alas kaki bersolkan karet.

Lama permainan
1. Lama: dua babak 20 menit; waktu diberhentikan ketika bola berhenti dimainkan. Waktu dapat diperpanjang untuk tendangan penalti.
2. Time-out: 1 per regu per babak; tak ada dalam waktu tambahan.
3. Waktu pergantian babak: maksimal 10 menit.



Kejuaraan Futsal Terkemuka

Piala Dunia Futsal FIFA
1989 (di Rotterdam, Belanda): dimenangkan Brazil.
1992 (di Hong Kong) : dimenangkan Brazil.
1996 (di Barcelona, Spanyol) : dimenangkan Brazil.
2000 (di Guatemala) : dimenangkan Spanyol.
2004 (di Taiwan) : dimenangkan Spanyol.

Piala Dunia Futsal AMF
1982 (di Sao Paulo, Brazil) : dimenangkan Brazil.
1985 (di Madrid, Spanyol) : dimenangkan Brazil.
1988 (di Melbourne, Australia) : dimenangkan Paraguay.
1991 (di Milan, Italia) : dimenangkan Portugal.
1994 (di Argentina) : dimenangkan Argentina.
1997 (di Meksiko) : dimenangkan Venezuela.
2000 (di La Paz, Bolivia) : dimenangkan Kolombia.
2003 (di Paraguay) : dimenangkan Paraguay.

Liga Futsal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Liga Futsal (sometimes called Liga Brasileira de Futebol de Salão) is the premier futsal league in Brazil, and was created in 1996 with the purpose of setting up a championship with the best futsal teams of the country, corresponding to the Brazilian Football Championship Série A. It is organized by the Brazilian Futsal Confederation (CBFS).

The Championship

The league was created in 1996, with the aim to improve the most important Brazilian clubs and help the growth of the sport in the country. The league was inspired by the American basketball league (NBA). On April 27, 1996, the Liga Futsal started.

Franchise system

To be eligible to participate in the league, there are three options available: buy a franchise, be appointed by a company which owns a franchise, or be invited by the league. It is necessary to send a proposal to the Liga Futsal, which will analyze and decide if the team's participation will be accepted, in a general assembly involving all the franchise representatives. Currently, a franchise is worth R$ 300,000.00.



Prize money

In 2007 the total prize money was R$ 75,000.00. The winner, besides being awarded R$ 50,000.00 (the runner-up was awarded R$ 25,000.00), won a scudetto, created by the CBFS and will represent Brazil in two international competitions (South American Club Futsal Championship and Intercontinental Futsal Cup). The competition organizers also reserved R$ 1,237 million to cover expenses such as transportation, accommodation, food provision and referee taxes for the clubs which participated at least two times in the competition.